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청소년 특성을 기반으로 한 미술관 교육프로그램 개발을 위한 연구
A Study on the Development of Art Museum Education Programs Based on the Characteristics of Adolescents
김성은 (Kim, Seung Eun, 동덕여자대학교 대학원)
Adolescence is a critical period in an individual’s life during which the individual grows to be adult. Since this transition period formulates the values and characteristics of the individual throughout the entire life, and as the society diversifies in greater degree, high quality education programs in and outside schools designed to foster adolescent’s latent ability as well as satisfy his/her diverse needs are in greater demand than before. However, curriculum in Korean school education has been mainly focused on college entrance, and education programs that foster an adolescent’s potentials or satisfy adolescent’s demand do lack in both quality and quantity. Recognizing this to be a problem, Ministry of Education announced a reform in 2009 that introduced creative field activity and career exploration into regular school curriculum. As a result of this reform, demand for education programs targeting adolescents increased, and art galleries began developing and running independent education programs to serve public education purposes. However, as the number of education programs for adolescents increased from art galleries and museums, the purpose of the programs prioritized link to school curriculum, and lacked development of programs based on profound studies regarding adolescents’ characteristics as a participant in education. This has brought about the demand for research in developmental characteristics of adolescents and methological consideration on their education programs. The purpose of this study is to propose art museums develop education programs for adolescents, understanding the importance of education programs engineered in consideration of nature of adolescence. Art museums play important roles as educational center for continuing education since they can have considerable influence on an adolescent’s maturing and provide grounds for developing future audience. This study conducted literature research and survey analysis, and interviews with education representative of Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) and teachers from local middle and high schools. Based on research and survey analysis, this study proposes art museum’ development of education programs geared towards adolescents centered around basic characteristics of adolescents. This study also looked into current status and limitation of adolescent education programs at ten major art museums and museums. As a result, it was found that majority of them were career exploration and creative activity programs linked with school curriculum, and that art institutions pay increasing attention to adolescents vis-a-vis those in the early 2000‘s. At the same time, this study also discovered limits in current programs such as lack of education programs understanding the basic characteristics of adolescents, lack of discrimination among institutions in formulating education programs, and lack of diversity in the contents and methodology of education programs to satisfy the needs of end users. This study conducted surveys, targeted at 300 adolescents at middle and high schools located in Seoul metropolitan area, on the pattern of adolescents’ visitation to art museums, participation in education programs at art galleries, types of education programs in demand, satisfaction level for art curriculum at school, and the meaning of art galleries in their mind. The survey results suggested important points as below. Firstly, teachers and parents played the biggest role in selecting education programs held at art museums, and majority of adolescents visited art museums as part of group activities held at school. This finding implies that it is necessary to enhance the quality and diversity in educations programs in connection with group activities held at school. Middle school students visit art museums with families, while high school students visit galleries mainly with friends. This indicates that the needs of students can be satisfied when programs for middle schoolers are designed for family participation, and when programs for high schoolers are designed for peer participation. Secondly, adolescents wished to experience fun activities as an escape from the burden of college entrance exams, and surveyees’ satisfaction level in art curriculum was not so high, so the teachers’ role in art education needs to be improved appropriately. Thirdly, majority of surveyees answered "lack of interest", and "lack of information" as reasons that the surveyees had not attended education programs at art museums before. Such result indicates the need for developing and promoting education programs that satisfy adolescents' interests. Fourthly, majority of surveyees recognized art galleries as a place of "rest, comfort, and tranquility" rather than a place of education. Such survey result can be considered in the light of surveyees' willingness to have various experiences free from their burden of college entrance. Lastly, surveyees' level of satisfaction for education programs at art museums was high, but memorable activities of the surveyees were neither various nor impressive. This indicated the needs for development of education programs that can enhance aesthetic and cognitive aspect of adolescents taking into consideration characteristics of an individual developmental stages. This study proposes sophistication in contents and methodology in developing education program from art museums, appropriate selection of venue and time for education, along with effective promotion methodology geared towards adolescents. In addition, this study proposes the need for fostering experts in adolescent education programs and establishing local network with regards to formulating basis for operation of education programs.
Ⅰ. 서론 1
1. 연구의 필요성과 목적 1
2. 연구 내용 및 방법 4
Ⅱ. 청소년과 미술관 7
1. 청소년의 의미와 특성 7
1) '청소년'의 의미와 사회적 인식 7
2) 청소년기의 신체적, 심리적, 인지적 특성 11
3) 미적인지·표현 발달과 청소년 13
2. 미술관 관람자로서의 청소년 19
1) 청소년과 미술관 교육프로그램 환경 19
2) 청소년과 미술작품의 관계 20
3) 미술관 교육프로그램이 청소년 발달에 미치는 효과 23
Ⅲ. 국내 미술관·박물관 청소년 교육프로그램 현황분석 28
1. 국내 미술관·박물관 청소년 교육프로그램 28
1) 학교 교육과정 안에서의 미술관 이용 28
2) 학교연계 교육프로그램 31
3) 자율참여 교육프로그램 40
2. 국내 청소년 교육프로그램의 한계점 47
1) 청소년 특성에 기반을 둔 연구개발 미흡 47
2) 기관별 교육프로그램의 차별성 50
3) 교육대상의 수요에 따른 다양성 부족 52
Ⅳ. 청소년의 미술관 이용 및 의견 54
1. 조사방법 54
1) 조사의 설계 54
2) 설문지 구성 56
2. 설문지 분석 및 결과 57
1) 청소년과 미술관 관람 경험 57
2) 청소년의 미술관 교육프로그램 참여 61
3) 청소년의 미술에 대한 관심 68
4) 청소년과 미술관의 의미 77
3. 설문조사 분석결과의 요약 및 시사점 79
1) 청소년과 미술관 이용 79
2) 청소년의 미술관 교육프로그램 참여 80
3) 청소년 교육프로그램 개발의 시사점 81
Ⅴ. 국내 미술관 청소년 교육프로그램 개발을 위한 제안 84
1. 프로그램 기획 84
1) 교육 내용 및 방법의 적절성 재고 84
2) 장소 및 교육진행 기간 95
3) 교육프로그램 홍보매체와 방법 96
2. 기반 조성 100
1) 청소년 교육프로그램 전문가 양성 100
2) 지역 네트워크 구축 101
Ⅵ. 결론 104
참고문헌 107
부록 113
ABSTRACT 155
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